Anemia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

Anemia is often associated with pale skin, but it is not just a synonym for weight loss. The word "anemia" comes from Greek and literally means "lack of blood."

What is anemia?

Clinically, anemia is characterized by low levels of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and/or hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the main protein in erythrocytes, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, anemia always leads to tissue oxygen deficiency, causing weakness and fatigue.

Types of anemia and their causes

• A lack of hemoglobin is not the only cause of anemia. There are several types, each with different underlying factors:
• Iron deficiency anemia — develops when the body lacks iron. Iron is essential for hemoglobin production, so its deficiency reduces oxygen delivery.
• Vitamin deficiency anemia (B9, B12) — leads to abnormal red blood cell formation in the bone marrow. Often linked to poor nutrition, low vitamin intake, or impaired absorption.

Aplastic anemia — a rare but life-threatening condition where the body stops producing new blood cells. It can occur at any age and often starts suddenly.

Sickle cell anemia — an inherited form in which red blood cells become sickle-shaped, rigid, and sticky, impeding blood flow.

Symptoms of anemia

• Persistent fatigue and weakness due to lack of oxygen.
• Shortness of breath during physical activity.
• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia).
• Problems with concentration, memory, and cognitive function.
• Mood swings, irritability.
• Feeling cold even at normal temperatures.
• Hair loss.
• The severity and combination of symptoms depend on the cause and type of anemia.

Anemia in pregnancy

Anemia is very common in pregnant women and poses risks for both mother and baby. The fetus receives iron, folic acid, and other vitamins from the mother, increasing the risk of anemia, especially in the second and third trimesters.

• Possible complications:
• Low birth weight;
• Premature birth;
• Increased need for blood transfusion during delivery;
• Reduced milk supply;
• Iron deficiency in the newborn;
• Postpartum depression.

How is anemia treated?

Treatment methods depend on the cause and severity:

• If anemia is due to a deficiency in iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, it is essential to include these nutrients in your diet. Supplements may be prescribed by a doctor.
• In severe cases, blood transfusions may be required.
• For anemia caused by chronic diseases, managing the underlying condition and lifestyle changes may be necessary.
• Treatment often involves regular monitoring and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. 

Self-medication is risky and not recommended!